Hilab | 27 dez 2019
A neuropatia diabética é a mais comum complicação do Diabetes Mellitus (DM) e afeta aproximadamente 50% de todos os pacientes com DM tipo 1 e tipo 2.
Segundo a Sociedade Brasileira de Diabetes, a neuropatia diabética é responsável por cerca de dois terços das amputações não-traumáticas, ou seja, aquelas que não são causadas por acidentes e fatores externos.
Muitas vezes, a neuropatia é uma complicação silenciosa. Acompanhe o artigo e saiba como evitá-la.
A neuropatia diabética acomete o sistema nervoso periférico. Pode afetar um único nervo, um grupo de nervos ou nervos no corpo inteiro.
Afeta as extremidades e, principalmente, os membros inferiores, causando o chamado pé diabético.
O que causa a neuropatia diabética?
Inúmeros fatores podem favorecer a progressão da neuropatia: controle inadequado da glicose, excesso de peso, nível elevado de triglicerídeos e hipertensão arterial.
No diabetes do tipo 1, normalmente os sintomas da neuropatia surgem após muitos anos de hiperglicemia mal controlada, enquanto na tipo 2 os sintomas podem se tornar aparentes apenas depois de pouco tempo exposto à hiperglicemia ou, até mesmo, no momento do diagnóstico.
Os principais sinais da neuropatia incluem:
O diagnóstico é feito por simples exames nos pés. Todos as pessoas que vivem com diabetes devem receber avaliações dos pés, começando ao diagnóstico no DM2 e cinco anos após diagnóstico no diabetes tipo 1.
As avaliações devem ser, no mínimo, anuais (ou com intervalo ainda menor, caso o risco seja maior).
Nestas avaliações, o médico realiza a inspeção da integridade da pele, avalia a existência de deformidades musculoesqueléticas, examina pulsos e pesquisa a perda de sensibilidade nos pés.
Dependendo das características dos nervos afetados, esta doença pode ser dividida em 3 categorias:
A mais comum classificação do estágio da neuropatia diabética é a seguinte:
Os principais fatores para controle da neuropatia diabética são:
Infelizmente ainda não há cirurgia capaz de reverter os efeitos da neuropatia diabética e os casos cirúrgicos são reservados para controle das consequências da doença, como:
Referências bibliográficas:
BVS Atenção Primária em Saúde. Como avaliar os pés dos pacientes diabéticos? É indispensável usar monofilamento para testar sensibilidade? Disponível em: <https://aps.bvs.br/aps/como-avaliar-os-pes-dos-pacientes-diabeticos-e-indispensavel-usar-monofilamento-para-testar-sensibilidade/>. Acesso em: 26 de dezembro de 2019.
Scielo. Neuropatia diabética. Disponível em:
<http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?pid=S1806-00132016000500046&script=sci_arttext&tlng=pt>. Acesso em: 14 de novembro de 2019.
Sociedade Brasileira de Diabetes. Neuropatia diabética. Disponível em: <https://www.diabetes.org.br/publico/complicacoes/neuropatia-diabetica>. Acesso em: 26 de dezembro de 2019.
Medscape. Diabetic Neuropathy. Disponível em:
<https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1170337-overview>. Acesso em: 14 de novembro de 2019.
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