Hilab | 25 fev 2021
De maneira geral, vamos considerar que a maioria dos exames laboratoriais serve para responder à seguinte pergunta: “Esta amostra é normal ou alterada?”.
De uma forma bem simplificada, e levando em conta os valores de referência de cada metodologia, quase todos os exames laboratoriais são feitos para analisar amostras (sejam de sangue, urina, ou qualquer outro material biológico) e “encaixar” esse resultado em uma das duas caixas: normal ou alterado.
Assim, a eficiência de um teste laboratorial é medida com base na quantidade de vezes que ele “encaixa” as amostras normais na caixa normal e as amostras alteradas na caixa alterada.
Por exemplo, quando um paciente com diabetes faz um exame de glicemia e o resultado dá alterado, chamamos isso de um Verdadeiro Positivo. Do mesmo jeito, quando uma pessoa que não tem a doença ,faz o mesmo teste e recebe um resultado não-alterado, temos o chamado Verdadeiro Negativo.
O parâmetro Sensibilidade mede justamente essa capacidade do teste dar um resultado alterado para pessoas realmente doentes. Enquanto a Especificidade mede a capacidade do teste dar um resultado negativo para pessoas não-doentes.
Estes parâmetros são importantes não apenas para avaliar a eficácia dos testes, mas principalmente para determinar qual tipo de exame é recomendado em cada tipo de estratégia diagnóstica.
Os testes de COVID-19, independentemente da metodologia, são parte fundamental das estratégias para conter a propagação do vírus. Identificar corretamente as pessoas infectadas possibilita isolá-las e diminuir as chances de transmissão. É aí que os parâmetros sensibilidade e especificidade entram! Eles servem para avaliar o desempenho dos testes de COVID-19 levando em consideração a quantidade de acertos e erros que apresentam em um determinado grupo analisado. Vale ressaltar que fatores como prevalência da doença em uma população, tempo decorrido do início dos sintomas e até a forma como a coleta é realizada, podem interferir na sensibilidade de um teste.
Kawamura T., Interpretação de um Teste sob a Visão Epidemiológica. Eficiência de um Teste, Arq. Bras. Cardiol., vol.79 no.4, São Paulo Oct. 2002. doi.org/10.1590/S0066-782X2002001300015
Somos especialistas em Point-of-Care Testing. Criamos dispositivos para exames PoCT, realizados com apenas algumas gotas de sangue e resultados entregues em poucos minutos. Nosso propósito é democratizar o acesso à saúde.
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